Foundation and Earthquake Resistance Japanese castle builders developed remarkable engineering solutions to create structures that could withstand earthquakes, warfare, and time. The foundation system, known as ishigaki, consisted of massive stone walls built without mortar, using precisely cut stones that fit together like a puzzle. This flexib

Ancient Storage Techniques Scandinavian cultures developed sophisticated food preservation methods uniquely suited to their harsh northern climate. The Viking-era practice of torkning (air-drying) utilized the cold, dry winter air to preserve fish and meat, creating products like tørrfisk (dried cod) that could last for years without refrigerat